• ls
    • 补充说明
      • 语法
      • 选项
      • 参数
      • 实例

    ls

    显示目录内容列表

    补充说明

    ls命令 用来显示目标列表，在Linux中是使用率较高的命令。ls命令的输出信息可以进行彩色加亮显示，以分区不同类型的文件。

    语法

    1. ls（选项）（参数）

    选项

    2. -a, --all     不隐藏任何以. 开始的项目
    3. -A, --almost-all    列出除. 及.. 以外的任何项目
    4.     --author      与-l 同时使用时列出每个文件的作者
    5. -b, --escape      以八进制溢出序列表示不可打印的字符
    6.     --block-size=SIZE      scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
    7.                              '--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of
    8.                              1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below
    9. -B, --ignore-backups       do not list implied entries ending with ~
    10. -c                         with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
    11.                              modification of file status information);
    12.                              with -l: show ctime and sort by name;
    13.                              otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
    14. -C                         list entries by columns
    15.     --color[=WHEN]         colorize the output; WHEN can be 'never', 'auto',
    16.                              or 'always' (the default); more info below
    17. -d, --directory            list directories themselves, not their contents
    18. -D, --dired                generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
    19. -f                         do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
    20. -F, --classify             append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
    21.     --file-type            likewise, except do not append '*'
    22.     --format=WORD          across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
    23.                              single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
    24.     --full-time            like -l --time-style=full-iso
    25. -g        类似-l，但不列出所有者
    26.     --group-directories-first
    27.                            group directories before files;
    28.                              can be augmented with a --sort option, but any
    29.                              use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
    30. -G, --no-group    以一个长列表的形式，不输出组名
    31. -h, --human-readable    与-l 一起，以易于阅读的格式输出文件大小
    32.       (例如 1K 234M 2G)
    33.     --si      同上面类似，但是使用1000 为基底而非1024
    34. -H, --dereference-command-line
    35.                            follow symbolic links listed on the command line
    36.     --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
    37.                            follow each command line symbolic link
    38.                              that points to a directory
    39.     --hide=PATTERN         do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
    40.                              (overridden by -a or -A)
    41.     --indicator-style=WORD  append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
    42.                              none (default), slash (-p),
    43.                              file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
    44. -i, --inode                print the index number of each file
    45. -I, --ignore=PATTERN       do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
    46. -k, --kibibytes            default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage
    47. -l        使用较长格式列出信息
    48. -L, --dereference   当显示符号链接的文件信息时，显示符号链接所指示
    49.       的对象而并非符号链接本身的信息
    50. -m        所有项目以逗号分隔，并填满整行行宽
    51. -n, --numeric-uid-gid   类似 -l，但列出UID 及GID 号
    52. -N, --literal     输出未经处理的项目名称 (如不特别处理控制字符)
    53. -o        类似 -l，但不列出有关组的信息
    54. -p,  --indicator-style=slash  对目录加上表示符号"/"
    55. -q, --hide-control-chars   print ? instead of nongraphic characters
    56.     --show-control-chars   show nongraphic characters as-is (the default,
    57.                              unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
    58. -Q, --quote-name           enclose entry names in double quotes
    59.     --quoting-style=WORD   use quoting style WORD for entry names:
    60.                              literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
    61. -r, --reverse     逆序排列
    62. -R, --recursive   递归显示子目录
    63. -s, --size      以块数形式显示每个文件分配的尺寸
    64. -S                         sort by file size
    65.     --sort=WORD            sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),
    66.                              time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X)
    67.     --time=WORD            with -l, show time as WORD instead of default
    68.                              modification time: atime or access or use (-u)
    69.                              ctime or status (-c); also use specified time
    70.                              as sort key if --sort=time
    71.     --time-style=STYLE     with -l, show times using style STYLE:
    72.                              full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT;
    73.                              FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'; if FORMAT
    74.                              is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies
    75.                              to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
    76.                              if STYLE is prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE
    77.                              takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
    78. -t                         sort by modification time, newest first
    79. -T, --tabsize=COLS         assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
    80. -u                         with -lt: sort by, and show, access time;
    81.                              with -l: show access time and sort by name;
    82.                              otherwise: sort by access time
    83. -U                         do not sort; list entries in directory order
    84. -v                         natural sort of (version) numbers within text
    85. -w, --width=COLS           assume screen width instead of current value
    86. -x                         list entries by lines instead of by columns
    87. -X                         sort alphabetically by entry extension
    88. -1                         list one file per line
    90. SELinux options:
    92. --lcontext                 Display security context.   Enable -l. Lines
    93.                            will probably be too wide for most displays.
    94. -Z, --context              Display security context so it fits on most
    95.                            displays.  Displays only mode, user, group,
    96.                            security context and file name.
    97. --scontext                 Display only security context and file name.
    98.     --help    显示此帮助信息并退出
    99.     --version   显示版本信息并退出

    参数

    目录：指定要显示列表的目录，也可以是具体的文件。

    实例

    1. $ ls       # 仅列出当前目录可见文件
    2. $ ls -l    # 列出当前目录可见文件详细信息
    3. $ ls -hl   # 列出详细信息并以可读大小显示文件大小
    4. $ ls -al   # 列出所有文件（包括隐藏）的详细信息

    显示当前目录下包括影藏文件在内的所有文件列表

    1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -a
    2. .   anaconda-ks.cfg  .bash_logout   .bashrc  install.log         .mysql_history  satools  .tcshrc   .vimrc
    3. ..  .bash_history    .bash_profile  .cshrc   install.log.syslog  .rnd            .ssh     .viminfo

    输出长格式列表

    1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -1
    3. anaconda-ks.cfg
    4. install.log
    5. install.log.syslog
    6. satools

    显示文件的inode信息

    索引节点（index inode简称为“inode”）是Linux中一个特殊的概念，具有相同的索引节点号的两个文本本质上是同一个文件（除文件名不同外）。

    1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -i -l anaconda-ks.cfg install.log
    2. 2345481 -rw------- 1 root root   859 Jun 11 22:49 anaconda-ks.cfg
    3. 2345474 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13837 Jun 11 22:49 install.log

    水平输出文件列表

    1. [root@localhost /]# ls -m
    3. bin, boot, data, dev, etc, home, lib, lost+found, media, misc, mnt, opt, proc, root, sbin, selinux, srv, sys, tmp, usr, var

    修改最后一次编辑的文件

    最近修改的文件显示在最上面。

    1. [root@localhost /]# ls -t
    3. tmp  root  etc  dev  lib  boot  sys  proc  data  home  bin  sbin  usr  var  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  selinux  srv  misc

    显示递归文件

    1. [root@localhost ~]# ls -R
    2. .:
    3. anaconda-ks.cfg  install.log  install.log.syslog  satools
    5. ./satools:
    6. black.txt  freemem.sh  iptables.sh  lnmp.sh  mysql  php502_check.sh  ssh_safe.sh

    打印文件的UID和GID

    1. [root@localhost /]# ls -n
    3. total 254
    4. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
    5. drwxr-xr-x   4 0 0  1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
    6. drwxr-xr-x   6 0 0  4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
    7. drwxr-xr-x  10 0 0  3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
    8. drwxr-xr-x  75 0 0  4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
    9. drwxr-xr-x   4 0 0  4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
    10. drwxr-xr-x  14 0 0 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
    11. drwx------   2 0 0 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
    12. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 media
    13. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 Nov  8  2010 misc
    14. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 mnt
    15. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 opt
    16. dr-xr-xr-x 232 0 0     0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
    17. drwxr-x---   4 0 0  4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
    18. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
    19. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 selinux
    20. drwxr-xr-x   2 0 0  4096 May 11  2011 srv
    21. drwxr-xr-x  11 0 0     0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
    22. drwxrwxrwt   3 0 0 98304 Oct 16 08:45 tmp
    23. drwxr-xr-x  13 0 0  4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
    24. drwxr-xr-x  19 0 0  4096 Jun 11 23:38 var

    列出文件和文件夹的详细信息

    1. [root@localhost /]# ls -l
    3. total 254
    4. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
    5. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
    6. drwxr-xr-x   6 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
    7. drwxr-xr-x  10 root root  3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
    8. drwxr-xr-x  75 root root  4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
    9. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
    10. drwxr-xr-x  14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
    11. drwx------   2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
    12. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 media
    13. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Nov  8  2010 misc
    14. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 mnt
    15. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 opt
    16. dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
    17. drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
    18. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
    19. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 selinux
    20. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 srv
    21. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
    22. drwxrwxrwt   3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:48 tmp
    23. drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
    24. drwxr-xr-x  19 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 var

    列出可读文件和文件夹详细信息

    1. [root@localhost /]# ls -lh
    3. total 254K
    4. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K Jun 12 04:03 bin
    5. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root 1.0K Jun 15 14:45 boot
    6. drwxr-xr-x   6 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 data
    7. drwxr-xr-x  10 root root 3.5K Sep 26 15:38 dev
    8. drwxr-xr-x  75 root root 4.0K Oct 16 04:02 etc
    9. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 home
    10. drwxr-xr-x  14 root root  12K Jun 16 04:02 lib
    11. drwx------   2 root root  16K Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
    12. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 media
    13. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K Nov  8  2010 misc
    14. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 mnt
    15. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 opt
    16. dr-xr-xr-x 235 root root    0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
    17. drwxr-x---   4 root root 4.0K Oct 15 14:43 root
    18. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  12K Jun 12 04:03 sbin
    19. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 selinux
    20. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 4.0K May 11  2011 srv
    21. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root    0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
    22. drwxrwxrwt   3 root root  96K Oct 16 08:49 tmp
    23. drwxr-xr-x  13 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 usr
    24. drwxr-xr-x  19 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 var

    显示文件夹信息

    1. [root@localhost /]# ls -ld /etc/
    3. drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 /etc/

    按时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息

    1. [root@localhost /]# ls -lt
    3. total 254
    4. drwxrwxrwt   3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:53 tmp
    5. drwxr-xr-x  75 root root  4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
    6. drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
    7. drwxr-xr-x  10 root root  3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
    8. drwxr-xr-x  14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
    9. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
    10. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
    11. dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
    12. drwxr-xr-x   6 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
    13. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
    14. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
    15. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
    16. drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
    17. drwxr-xr-x  19 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
    18. drwx------   2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
    19. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 media
    20. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 mnt
    21. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 opt
    22. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 selinux
    23. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 srv
    24. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Nov  8  2010 misc

    按修改时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息

    1. [root@localhost /]# ls -ltr
    3. total 254
    4. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Nov  8  2010 misc
    5. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 srv
    6. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 selinux
    7. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 opt
    8. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 mnt
    9. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 May 11  2011 media
    10. drwx------   2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
    11. drwxr-xr-x  19 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
    12. drwxr-xr-x  13 root root  4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
    13. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
    14. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
    15. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
    16. drwxr-xr-x   6 root root  4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
    17. dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
    18. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root     0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
    19. drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
    20. drwxr-xr-x  14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
    21. drwxr-xr-x  10 root root  3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
    22. drwxr-x---   4 root root  4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
    23. drwxr-xr-x  75 root root  4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
    24. drwxrwxrwt   3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:54 tmp

    按照特殊字符对文件进行分类

    1. [root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls -F
    3. auto/  CHANGES  CHANGES.ru  conf/  configure*  contrib/  html/  LICENSE  Makefile  man/  objs/  README  src/

    列出文件并标记颜色分类

    1. [root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls --color=auto
    3. auto  CHANGES  CHANGES.ru  conf  configure  contrib  html  LICENSE  Makefile  man  objs  README  src