tkinter.ttk —- Tk主题小部件

源代码:Lib/tkinter/ttk.py

The tkinter.ttk module provides access to the Tk themed widget set,introduced in Tk 8.5. If Python has not been compiled against Tk 8.5, thismodule can still be accessed if Tile has been installed. The formermethod using Tk 8.5 provides additional benefits including anti-aliased fontrendering under X11 and window transparency (requiring a compositionwindow manager on X11).

The basic idea for tkinter.ttk is to separate, to the extent possible,the code implementing a widget's behavior from the code implementing itsappearance.

参见

• Tk Widget Styling Support
• A document introducing theming support for Tk

使用 Ttk

To start using Ttk, import its module:

from tkinter import ttk

To override the basic Tk widgets, the import should follow the Tk import:

from tkinter import *
from tkinter.ttk import *

That code causes several tkinter.ttk widgets (Button,Checkbutton, Entry, Frame, Label,LabelFrame, Menubutton, PanedWindow,Radiobutton, Scale and Scrollbar) toautomatically replace the Tk widgets.

This has the direct benefit of using the new widgets which gives a betterlook and feel across platforms; however, the replacement widgets are notcompletely compatible. The main difference is that widget options such as"fg", "bg" and others related to widget styling are nolonger present in Ttk widgets. Instead, use the ttk.Style classfor improved styling effects.

参见

• Converting existing applications to use Tile widgets
• A monograph (using Tcl terminology) about differences typicallyencountered when moving applications to use the new widgets.

Ttk Widgets

Ttk comes with 18 widgets, twelve of which already existed in tkinter:Button, Checkbutton, Entry, Frame,Label, LabelFrame, Menubutton, PanedWindow,Radiobutton, Scale, Scrollbar, and Spinbox.The other six are new: Combobox, Notebook,Progressbar, Separator, Sizegrip andTreeview. And all them are subclasses of Widget.

Using the Ttk widgets gives the application an improved look and feel.As discussed above, there are differences in how the styling is coded.

Tk 代码:

l1 = tkinter.Label(text="Test", fg="black", bg="white")
l2 = tkinter.Label(text="Test", fg="black", bg="white")

Ttk 代码:

style = ttk.Style()
style.configure("BW.TLabel", foreground="black", background="white")
 
l1 = ttk.Label(text="Test", style="BW.TLabel")
l2 = ttk.Label(text="Test", style="BW.TLabel")

有关 TtkStyling 的更多信息，请参阅 Style 类文档。

Widget

ttk.Widget 定义了 Tk 主题小部件支持的标准选项和方法，不应该直接实例化。

标准选项

所有 ttk 小部件接受以下选项：

选项	描述
类	指定窗口类。在查询选项数据库中窗口的其他选项时，使用该类，确定窗口的默认绑定标签，以及选择窗口小部件的默认布局和样式。此选项仅为只读，并且只能在创建窗口时指定。
cursor	指定要用于窗口小部件的鼠标光标。如果设置为空字符串（默认值），则为父窗口小部件继承光标.
takefocus	确定窗口是否在键盘遍历期间接受焦点。返回0或1，返回空字符串。如果返回0，则表示在键盘遍历期间应该跳过该窗口。如果为1，则表示只要可以查看窗口就应该接收输入焦点。并且空字符串意味着遍历脚本决定是否关注窗口。
style	可用于指定自定义窗口小部件样式。

Scrollable Widget Options

The following options are supported by widgets that are controlled by ascrollbar.

选项	描述
xscrollcommand	Used to communicate with horizontal scrollbars. When the view in the widget's window change, the widgetwill generate a Tcl command based on the scrollcommand. Usually this option consists of the methodScrollbar.set() of some scrollbar. This will causethe scrollbar to be updated whenever the view in thewindow changes.
yscrollcommand	Used to communicate with vertical scrollbars.For some more information, see above.

Label Options

The following options are supported by labels, buttons and other button-likewidgets.

选项	描述
text	Specifies a text string to be displayed inside the widget.
textvariable	Specifies a name whose value will be used in place of thetext option resource.
underline	If set, specifies the index (0-based) of a character tounderline in the text string. The underline character isused for mnemonic activation.
image	Specifies an image to display. This is a list of 1 or moreelements. The first element is the default image name. Therest of the list if a sequence of statespec/value pairs asdefined by Style.map(), specifying different imagesto use when the widget is in a particular state or acombination of states. All images in the list should havethe same size.
compound	Specifies how to display the image relative to the text,in the case both text and images options are present.Valid values are: text: display text only image: display image only top, bottom, left, right: display image above, below,left of, or right of the text, respectively. none: the default. display the image if present,otherwise the text.
width	If greater than zero, specifies how much space, incharacter widths, to allocate for the text label, if lessthan zero, specifies a minimum width. If zero orunspecified, the natural width of the text label is used.

Compatibility Options

选项	描述
state	May be set to "normal" or "disabled" to control the "disabled"state bit. This is a write-only option: setting it changes thewidget state, but the Widget.state() method does notaffect this option.

Widget States

The widget state is a bitmap of independent state flags.

标志	描述
active	The mouse cursor is over the widget and pressing a mousebutton will cause some action to occur
disabled	Widget is disabled under program control
focus	Widget has keyboard focus
pressed	Widget is being pressed
selected	"On", "true", or "current" for things like Checkbuttons andradiobuttons
background	Windows and Mac have a notion of an "active" or foregroundwindow. The background state is set for widgets in abackground window, and cleared for those in the foregroundwindow
只读	Widget should not allow user modification
alternate	A widget-specific alternate display format
invalid	The widget's value is invalid

A state specification is a sequence of state names, optionally prefixed withan exclamation point indicating that the bit is off.

ttk.Widget

Besides the methods described below, the ttk.Widget supports themethods tkinter.Widget.cget() and tkinter.Widget.configure().

• class tkinter.ttk.Widget
• • identify(x, y)
  • Returns the name of the element at position x__y, or the empty stringif the point does not lie within any element.

x and y are pixel coordinates relative to the widget.

• instate(statespec, callback=None, *args, **kw)

• Test the widget's state. If a callback is not specified, returns Trueif the widget state matches statespec and False otherwise. If callbackis specified then it is called with args if widget state matchesstatespec.

• state(statespec=None)

• Modify or inquire widget state. If statespec is specified, sets thewidget state according to it and return a new statespec indicatingwhich flags were changed. If statespec is not specified, returnsthe currently-enabled state flags.

statespec will usually be a list or a tuple.

Combobox

The ttk.Combobox widget combines a text field with a pop-down list ofvalues. This widget is a subclass of Entry.

Besides the methods inherited from Widget: Widget.cget(),Widget.configure(), Widget.identify(), Widget.instate()and Widget.state(), and the following inherited from Entry:Entry.bbox(), Entry.delete(), Entry.icursor(),Entry.index(), Entry.insert(), Entry.selection(),Entry.xview(), it has some other methods, described atttk.Combobox.

选项

This widget accepts the following specific options:

选项	描述
exportselection	Boolean value. If set, the widget selection is linkedto the Window Manager selection (which can be returnedby invoking Misc.selection_get, for example).
justify	Specifies how the text is aligned within the widget.One of "left", "center", or "right".
height	Specifies the height of the pop-down listbox, in rows.
postcommand	A script (possibly registered with Misc.register) thatis called immediately before displaying the values. Itmay specify which values to display.
state	One of "normal", "readonly", or "disabled". In the"readonly" state, the value may not be edited directly,and the user can only selection of the values from thedropdown list. In the "normal" state, the text field isdirectly editable. In the "disabled" state, nointeraction is possible.
textvariable	Specifies a name whose value is linked to the widgetvalue. Whenever the value associated with that namechanges, the widget value is updated, and vice versa.See tkinter.StringVar.
values	Specifies the list of values to display in thedrop-down listbox.
width	Specifies an integer value indicating the desired widthof the entry window, in average-size characters of thewidget's font.

Virtual events

The combobox widgets generates a <<ComboboxSelected>> virtual eventwhen the user selects an element from the list of values.

ttk.Combobox

• class tkinter.ttk.Combobox
• • current(newindex=None)

  • If newindex is specified, sets the combobox value to the elementposition newindex. Otherwise, returns the index of the current value or-1 if the current value is not in the values list.

  • get()

  • Returns the current value of the combobox.

  • set(value)

  • Sets the value of the combobox to value.

Spinbox

The ttk.Spinbox widget is a ttk.Entry enhanced with incrementand decrement arrows. It can be used for numbers or lists of string values.This widget is a subclass of Entry.

Besides the methods inherited from Widget: Widget.cget(),Widget.configure(), Widget.identify(), Widget.instate()and Widget.state(), and the following inherited from Entry:Entry.bbox(), Entry.delete(), Entry.icursor(),Entry.index(), Entry.insert(), Entry.xview(),it has some other methods, described at ttk.Spinbox.

选项

This widget accepts the following specific options:

Virtual events

The spinbox widget generates an <<Increment>> virtual event when theuser presses <Up>, and a <<Decrement>> virtual event when the userpresses <Down>.

ttk.Spinbox

• class tkinter.ttk.Spinbox
• • get()

  • Returns the current value of the spinbox.

  • set(value)

  • Sets the value of the spinbox to value.

Notebook

Ttk Notebook widget manages a collection of windows and displays a singleone at a time. Each child window is associated with a tab, which the usermay select to change the currently-displayed window.

选项

This widget accepts the following specific options:

选项	描述
height	If present and greater than zero, specifies the desired heightof the pane area (not including internal padding or tabs).Otherwise, the maximum height of all panes is used.
padding	Specifies the amount of extra space to add around the outsideof the notebook. The padding is a list up to four lengthspecifications left top right bottom. If fewer than fourelements are specified, bottom defaults to top, right defaultsto left, and top defaults to left.
width	If present and greater than zero, specified the desired widthof the pane area (not including internal padding). Otherwise,the maximum width of all panes is used.

Tab Options

There are also specific options for tabs:

选项	描述
state	Either "normal", "disabled" or "hidden". If "disabled", thenthe tab is not selectable. If "hidden", then the tab is notshown.
sticky	Specifies how the child window is positioned within the panearea. Value is a string containing zero or more of thecharacters "n", "s", "e" or "w". Each letter refers to aside (north, south, east or west) that the child window willstick to, as per the grid() geometry manager.
padding	Specifies the amount of extra space to add between thenotebook and this pane. Syntax is the same as for the optionpadding used by this widget.
text	Specifies a text to be displayed in the tab.
image	Specifies an image to display in the tab. See the optionimage described in Widget.
compound	Specifies how to display the image relative to the text, inthe case both options text and image are present. SeeLabel Options for legal values.
underline	Specifies the index (0-based) of a character to underline inthe text string. The underlined character is used formnemonic activation if Notebook.enable_traversal() iscalled.

Tab Identifiers

The tab_id present in several methods of ttk.Notebook may take anyof the following forms:

• An integer between zero and the number of tabs

• The name of a child window

• A positional specification of the form "@x,y", which identifies the tab

• The literal string "current", which identifies the currently-selected tab

• The literal string "end", which returns the number of tabs (only valid forNotebook.index())

Virtual Events

This widget generates a <<NotebookTabChanged>> virtual event after a newtab is selected.

ttk.Notebook

• class tkinter.ttk.Notebook
• • add(child, **kw)
  • Adds a new tab to the notebook.

If window is currently managed by the notebook but hidden, it isrestored to its previous position.

See Tab Options for the list of available options.

• forget(tab_id)

• Removes the tab specified by tab_id, unmaps and unmanages theassociated window.

• hide(tab_id)

• Hides the tab specified by tab_id.

The tab will not be displayed, but the associated window remainsmanaged by the notebook and its configuration remembered. Hidden tabsmay be restored with the add() command.

• identify(x, y)

• Returns the name of the tab element at position x, y, or the emptystring if none.

• index(tab_id)

• Returns the numeric index of the tab specified by tab_id, or the totalnumber of tabs if tab_id is the string "end".

• insert(pos, child, **kw)

• Inserts a pane at the specified position.

pos is either the string "end", an integer index, or the name of amanaged child. If child is already managed by the notebook, moves it tothe specified position.

See Tab Options for the list of available options.

• select(tab_id=None)
• Selects the specified tab_id.

The associated child window will be displayed, and thepreviously-selected window (if different) is unmapped. If tab_id isomitted, returns the widget name of the currently selected pane.

• tab(tab_id, option=None, **kw)
• Query or modify the options of the specific tab_id.

If kw is not given, returns a dictionary of the tab option values. Ifoption is specified, returns the value of that option. Otherwise,sets the options to the corresponding values.

• tabs()

• Returns a list of windows managed by the notebook.

• enable_traversal()

• Enable keyboard traversal for a toplevel window containing this notebook.

This will extend the bindings for the toplevel window containing thenotebook as follows:

- 

Control-Tab: selects the tab following the currently selected one.

- 

Shift-Control-Tab: selects the tab preceding the currently selected one.

- 

Alt-K: where K is the mnemonic (underlined) character of any tab, willselect that tab.

Multiple notebooks in a single toplevel may be enabled for traversal,including nested notebooks. However, notebook traversal only worksproperly if all panes have the notebook they are in as master.

Progressbar

The ttk.Progressbar widget shows the status of a long-runningoperation. It can operate in two modes: 1) the determinate mode which shows theamount completed relative to the total amount of work to be done and 2) theindeterminate mode which provides an animated display to let the user know thatwork is progressing.

选项

This widget accepts the following specific options:

选项	描述
orient	One of "horizontal" or "vertical". Specifies the orientationof the progress bar.
length	Specifies the length of the long axis of the progress bar(width if horizontal, height if vertical).
模式	One of "determinate" or "indeterminate".
maximum	A number specifying the maximum value. Defaults to 100.
值	The current value of the progress bar. In "determinate" mode,this represents the amount of work completed. In"indeterminate" mode, it is interpreted as modulo maximum;that is, the progress bar completes one "cycle" when its valueincreases by maximum.
variable	A name which is linked to the option value. If specified, thevalue of the progress bar is automatically set to the value ofthis name whenever the latter is modified.
phase	Read-only option. The widget periodically increments the valueof this option whenever its value is greater than 0 and, indeterminate mode, less than maximum. This option may be usedby the current theme to provide additional animation effects.

ttk.Progressbar

• class tkinter.ttk.Progressbar
• • start(interval=None)

  • Begin autoincrement mode: schedules a recurring timer event that callsProgressbar.step() every interval milliseconds. If omitted,interval defaults to 50 milliseconds.

  • step(amount=None)

  • Increments the progress bar's value by amount.

amount defaults to 1.0 if omitted.

• stop()
• Stop autoincrement mode: cancels any recurring timer event initiated byProgressbar.start() for this progress bar.

Separator

The ttk.Separator widget displays a horizontal or vertical separatorbar.

It has no other methods besides the ones inherited from ttk.Widget.

选项

This widget accepts the following specific option:

选项	描述
orient	One of "horizontal" or "vertical". Specifies the orientation ofthe separator.

Sizegrip

The ttk.Sizegrip widget (also known as a grow box) allows the user toresize the containing toplevel window by pressing and dragging the grip.

This widget has neither specific options nor specific methods, besides theones inherited from ttk.Widget.

Platform-specific notes

• On MacOS X, toplevel windows automatically include a built-in size gripby default. Adding a Sizegrip is harmless, since the built-ingrip will just mask the widget.

Bugs

• If the containing toplevel's position was specified relative to the rightor bottom of the screen (e.g. ….), the Sizegrip widget willnot resize the window.

• This widget supports only "southeast" resizing.

Treeview

The ttk.Treeview widget displays a hierarchical collection of items.Each item has a textual label, an optional image, and an optional list of datavalues. The data values are displayed in successive columns after the treelabel.

The order in which data values are displayed may be controlled by settingthe widget option displaycolumns. The tree widget can also display columnheadings. Columns may be accessed by number or symbolic names listed in thewidget option columns. See Column Identifiers.

Each item is identified by a unique name. The widget will generate item IDsif they are not supplied by the caller. There is a distinguished root item,named {}. The root item itself is not displayed; its children appear at thetop level of the hierarchy.

Each item also has a list of tags, which can be used to associate event bindingswith individual items and control the appearance of the item.

The Treeview widget supports horizontal and vertical scrolling, according tothe options described in Scrollable Widget Options and the methodsTreeview.xview() and Treeview.yview().

选项

This widget accepts the following specific options:

选项	描述
columns	A list of column identifiers, specifying the number ofcolumns and their names.
displaycolumns	A list of column identifiers (either symbolic orinteger indices) specifying which data columns aredisplayed and the order in which they appear, or thestring "#all".
height	Specifies the number of rows which should be visible.Note: the requested width is determined from the sumof the column widths.
padding	Specifies the internal padding for the widget. Thepadding is a list of up to four length specifications.
selectmode	Controls how the built-in class bindings manage theselection. One of "extended", "browse" or "none".If set to "extended" (the default), multiple items maybe selected. If "browse", only a single item will beselected at a time. If "none", the selection will notbe changed. Note that the application code and tag bindings can setthe selection however they wish, regardless of thevalue of this option.
show	A list containing zero or more of the following values,specifying which elements of the tree to display. tree: display tree labels in column #0. headings: display the heading row. The default is "tree headings", i.e., show allelements. Note: Column #0 always refers to the tree column,even if show="tree" is not specified.

Item Options

The following item options may be specified for items in the insert and itemwidget commands.

选项	描述
text	The textual label to display for the item.
image	A Tk Image, displayed to the left of the label.
values	The list of values associated with the item. Each item should have the same number of values as the widgetoption columns. If there are fewer values than columns, theremaining values are assumed empty. If there are more valuesthan columns, the extra values are ignored.
open	True/False value indicating whether the item'schildren should be displayed or hidden.
tags	A list of tags associated with this item.

Tag Options

The following options may be specified on tags:

选项	描述
foreground	Specifies the text foreground color.
background	Specifies the cell or item background color.
font	Specifies the font to use when drawing text.
image	Specifies the item image, in case the item's image optionis empty.

Column Identifiers

Column identifiers take any of the following forms:

• A symbolic name from the list of columns option.

• An integer n, specifying the nth data column.

• A string of the form #n, where n is an integer, specifying the nth displaycolumn.

注释:

• Item's option values may be displayed in a different order than the orderin which they are stored.

• Column #0 always refers to the tree column, even if show="tree" is notspecified.

A data column number is an index into an item's option values list; a displaycolumn number is the column number in the tree where the values are displayed.Tree labels are displayed in column #0. If option displaycolumns is not set,then data column n is displayed in column #n+1. Again, column #0 alwaysrefers to the tree column.

Virtual Events

The Treeview widget generates the following virtual events.

Event	描述
<<TreeviewSelect>>	Generated whenever the selection changes.
<<TreeviewOpen>>	Generated just before settings the focus item toopen=True.
<<TreeviewClose>>	Generated just after setting the focus item toopen=False.

The Treeview.focus() and Treeview.selection() methods can be usedto determine the affected item or items.

ttk.Treeview

• class tkinter.ttk.Treeview
• • bbox(item, column=None)
  • Returns the bounding box (relative to the treeview widget's window) ofthe specified item in the form (x, y, width, height).

If column is specified, returns the bounding box of that cell. If theitem is not visible (i.e., if it is a descendant of a closed item or isscrolled offscreen), returns an empty string.

• getchildren(_item=None)
• Returns the list of children belonging to item.

If item is not specified, returns root children.

• setchildren(_item, *newchildren)
• Replaces item's child with newchildren.

Children present in item that are not present in newchildren aredetached from the tree. No items in newchildren may be an ancestor ofitem. Note that not specifying newchildren results in detachingitem's children.

• column(column, option=None, **kw)
• Query or modify the options for the specified column.

If kw is not given, returns a dict of the column option values. Ifoption is specified then the value for that option is returned.Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values.

The valid options/values are:

- 
  - id
  - 

Returns the column name. This is a read-only option.

- 
  - anchor: One of the standard Tk anchor values.
  - 

Specifies how the text in this column should be aligned with respectto the cell.

- 
  - minwidth: width
  - 

The minimum width of the column in pixels. The treeview widget willnot make the column any smaller than specified by this option whenthe widget is resized or the user drags a column.

- 
  - stretch: <code>True</code>/<code>False</code>
  - 

Specifies whether the column's width should be adjusted whenthe widget is resized.

- 
  - width: width
  - 

The width of the column in pixels.

To configure the tree column, call this with column = "#0"

• delete(*items)
• Delete all specified items and all their descendants.

The root item may not be deleted.

• detach(*items)
• Unlinks all of the specified items from the tree.

The items and all of their descendants are still present, and may bereinserted at another point in the tree, but will not be displayed.

The root item may not be detached.

• exists(item)

• Returns True if the specified item is present in the tree.

• focus(item=None)

• If item is specified, sets the focus item to item. Otherwise, returnsthe current focus item, or '' if there is none.

• heading(column, option=None, **kw)

• Query or modify the heading options for the specified column.

If kw is not given, returns a dict of the heading option values. Ifoption is specified then the value for that option is returned.Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values.

The valid options/values are:

- 
  - text: text
  - 

The text to display in the column heading.

- 
  - image: imageName
  - 

Specifies an image to display to the right of the column heading.

- 
  - anchor: anchor
  - 

Specifies how the heading text should be aligned. One of the standardTk anchor values.

- 
  - command: callback
  - 

A callback to be invoked when the heading label is pressed.

To configure the tree column heading, call this with column = "#0".

• identify(component, x, y)

• Returns a description of the specified component under the point givenby x and y, or the empty string if no such component is present atthat position.

• identifyrow(_y)

• Returns the item ID of the item at position y.

• identifycolumn(_x)

• Returns the data column identifier of the cell at position x.

The tree column has ID #0.

• identifyregion(_x, y)
• Returns one of:

region

meaning

heading

Tree heading area.

separator

Space between two columns headings.

tree

The tree area.

cell

A data cell.

Availability: Tk 8.6.

• identifyelement(_x, y)
• Returns the element at position x, y.

Availability: Tk 8.6.

• index(item)

• Returns the integer index of item within its parent's list of children.

• insert(parent, index, iid=None, **kw)

• Creates a new item and returns the item identifier of the newly createditem.

parent is the item ID of the parent item, or the empty string to createa new top-level item. index is an integer, or the value "end",specifying where in the list of parent's children to insert the new item.If index is less than or equal to zero, the new node is inserted atthe beginning; if index is greater than or equal to the current numberof children, it is inserted at the end. If iid is specified, it is usedas the item identifier; iid must not already exist in the tree.Otherwise, a new unique identifier is generated.

See Item Options for the list of available points.

• item(item, option=None, **kw)
• Query or modify the options for the specified item.

If no options are given, a dict with options/values for the item isreturned.If option is specified then the value for that option is returned.Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values as given by kw.

• move(item, parent, index)
• Moves item to position index in parent's list of children.

It is illegal to move an item under one of its descendants. If index isless than or equal to zero, item is moved to the beginning; if greaterthan or equal to the number of children, it is moved to the end. If _item_was detached it is reattached.

• next(item)

• Returns the identifier of item's next sibling, or '' if item is thelast child of its parent.

• parent(item)

• Returns the ID of the parent of item, or '' if item is at the toplevel of the hierarchy.

• prev(item)

• Returns the identifier of item's previous sibling, or '' if item isthe first child of its parent.

• reattach(item, parent, index)

• An alias for Treeview.move().

• see(item)

• Ensure that item is visible.

Sets all of item's ancestors open option to True, and scrolls thewidget if necessary so that item is within the visible portion ofthe tree.

• selection()
• Returns a tuple of selected items.

在 3.8 版更改: selection() no longer takes arguments. For changing the selectionstate use the following selection methods.

• selectionset(*items_)
• items becomes the new selection.

在 3.6 版更改: items can be passed as separate arguments, not just as a single tuple.

• selectionadd(*items_)
• Add items to the selection.

在 3.6 版更改: items can be passed as separate arguments, not just as a single tuple.

• selectionremove(*items_)
• Remove items from the selection.

在 3.6 版更改: items can be passed as separate arguments, not just as a single tuple.

• selectiontoggle(*items_)
• Toggle the selection state of each item in items.

在 3.6 版更改: items can be passed as separate arguments, not just as a single tuple.

• set(item, column=None, value=None)

• With one argument, returns a dictionary of column/value pairs for thespecified item. With two arguments, returns the current value of thespecified column. With three arguments, sets the value of givencolumn in given item to the specified value.

• tagbind(_tagname, sequence=None, callback=None)

• Bind a callback for the given event sequence to the tag tagname.When an event is delivered to an item, the callbacks for each of theitem's tags option are called.

• tagconfigure(_tagname, option=None, **kw)

• Query or modify the options for the specified tagname.

If kw is not given, returns a dict of the option settings fortagname. If option is specified, returns the value for that option_for the specified _tagname. Otherwise, sets the options to thecorresponding values for the given tagname.

• taghas(_tagname, item=None)
• If item is specified, returns 1 or 0 depending on whether the specifieditem has the given tagname. Otherwise, returns a list of all itemsthat have the specified tag.

Availability: Tk 8.6

• xview(*args)

• Query or modify horizontal position of the treeview.

• yview(*args)

• Query or modify vertical position of the treeview.

Ttk Styling

Each widget in ttk is assigned a style, which specifies the set ofelements making up the widget and how they are arranged, along with dynamicand default settings for element options. By default the style name is thesame as the widget's class name, but it may be overridden by the widget's styleoption. If you don't know the class name of a widget, use the methodMisc.winfo_class() (somewidget.winfo_class()).

参见

• Tcl'2004 conference presentation
• This document explains how the theme engine works

• class tkinter.ttk.Style

• This class is used to manipulate the style database.

  • configure(style, query_opt=None, **kw)
  • Query or set the default value of the specified option(s) in style.

Each key in kw is an option and each value is a string identifyingthe value for that option.

For example, to change every default button to be a flat button withsome padding and a different background color:

from tkinter import ttk
import tkinter
 
root = tkinter.Tk()
 
ttk.Style().configure("TButton", padding=6, relief="flat",
   background="#ccc")
 
btn = ttk.Button(text="Sample")
btn.pack()
 
root.mainloop()

• map(style, query_opt=None, **kw)
• Query or sets dynamic values of the specified option(s) in style.

Each key in kw is an option and each value should be a list or atuple (usually) containing statespecs grouped in tuples, lists, orsome other preference. A statespec is a compound of oneor more states and then a value.

An example may make it more understandable:

import tkinter
from tkinter import ttk
 
root = tkinter.Tk()
 
style = ttk.Style()
style.map("C.TButton",
    foreground=[('pressed', 'red'), ('active', 'blue')],
    background=[('pressed', '!disabled', 'black'), ('active', 'white')]
    )
 
colored_btn = ttk.Button(text="Test", style="C.TButton").pack()
 
root.mainloop()

Note that the order of the (states, value) sequences for an option doesmatter, if the order is changed to [('active', 'blue'), ('pressed','red')] in the foreground option, for example, the result would be ablue foreground when the widget were in active or pressed states.

• lookup(style, option, state=None, default=None)
• Returns the value specified for option in style.

If state is specified, it is expected to be a sequence of one or morestates. If the default argument is set, it is used as a fallback valuein case no specification for option is found.

To check what font a Button uses by default:

from tkinter import ttk
 
print(ttk.Style().lookup("TButton", "font"))

• layout(style, layoutspec=None)
• Define the widget layout for given style. If layoutspec is omitted,return the layout specification for given style.

layoutspec, if specified, is expected to be a list or some othersequence type (excluding strings), where each item should be a tuple andthe first item is the layout name and the second item should have theformat described in Layouts.

To understand the format, see the following example (it is notintended to do anything useful):

from tkinter import ttk
import tkinter
 
root = tkinter.Tk()
 
style = ttk.Style()
style.layout("TMenubutton", [
   ("Menubutton.background", None),
   ("Menubutton.button", {"children":
       [("Menubutton.focus", {"children":
           [("Menubutton.padding", {"children":
               [("Menubutton.label", {"side": "left", "expand": 1})]
           })]
       })]
   }),
])
 
mbtn = ttk.Menubutton(text='Text')
mbtn.pack()
root.mainloop()

• elementcreate(_elementname, etype, *args, **kw)
• Create a new element in the current theme, of the given etype which isexpected to be either "image", "from" or "vsapi". The latter is onlyavailable in Tk 8.6a for Windows XP and Vista and is not described here.

If "image" is used, args should contain the default image name followedby statespec/value pairs (this is the imagespec), and kw may have thefollowing options:

• border=padding

  padding is a list of up to four integers, specifying the left, top,right, and bottom borders, respectively.

• height=height

  Specifies a minimum height for the element. If less than zero, thebase image's height is used as a default.

• padding=padding

  Specifies the element's interior padding. Defaults to border's valueif not specified.

• sticky=spec

  Specifies how the image is placed within the final parcel. speccontains zero or more characters "n", "s", "w", or "e".

• width=width

  Specifies a minimum width for the element. If less than zero, thebase image's width is used as a default.

If "from" is used as the value of etype,element_create() will clone an existingelement. args is expected to contain a themename, from whichthe element will be cloned, and optionally an element to clone from.If this element to clone from is not specified, an empty element willbe used. kw is discarded.

• element_names()

• Returns the list of elements defined in the current theme.

• elementoptions(_elementname)

• Returns the list of elementname's options.

• themecreate(_themename, parent=None, settings=None)

• Create a new theme.

It is an error if themename already exists. If parent is specified,the new theme will inherit styles, elements and layouts from the parenttheme. If settings are present they are expected to have the samesyntax used for theme_settings().

• themesettings(_themename, settings)
• Temporarily sets the current theme to themename, apply specifiedsettings and then restore the previous theme.

Each key in settings is a style and each value may contain the keys'configure', 'map', 'layout' and 'element create' and they are expectedto have the same format as specified by the methodsStyle.configure(), Style.map(), Style.layout() andStyle.element_create() respectively.

As an example, let's change the Combobox for the default theme a bit:

from tkinter import ttk
import tkinter
 
root = tkinter.Tk()
 
style = ttk.Style()
style.theme_settings("default", {
   "TCombobox": {
       "configure": {"padding": 5},
       "map": {
           "background": [("active", "green2"),
                          ("!disabled", "green4")],
           "fieldbackground": [("!disabled", "green3")],
           "foreground": [("focus", "OliveDrab1"),
                          ("!disabled", "OliveDrab2")]
       }
   }
})
 
combo = ttk.Combobox().pack()
 
root.mainloop()

• theme_names()

• Returns a list of all known themes.

• themeuse(_themename=None)

• If themename is not given, returns the theme in use. Otherwise, setsthe current theme to themename, refreshes all widgets and emits a<> event.

Layouts

A layout can be just None, if it takes no options, or a dict ofoptions specifying how to arrange the element. The layout mechanismuses a simplified version of the pack geometry manager: given aninitial cavity, each element is allocated a parcel. Validoptions/values are:

• side: whichside

  Specifies which side of the cavity to place the element; one oftop, right, bottom or left. If omitted, the element occupies theentire cavity.

• sticky: nswe

  Specifies where the element is placed inside its allocated parcel.

• unit: 0 or 1

  If set to 1, causes the element and all of its descendants to be treated asa single element for the purposes of Widget.identify() et al. It'sused for things like scrollbar thumbs with grips.

• children: [sublayout… ]

  Specifies a list of elements to place inside the element. Eachelement is a tuple (or other sequence type) where the first item isthe layout name, and the other is a Layout.